Tunable dual-band filters based on capacitive-loaded stepped-impedance resonators

This paper proposes the design of tunable dual-band filters for multi-band multi-standard systems. The main objective is to provide frequency tunability in the second band while maintaining the first band fixed. To this end, the capacitive-loaded stepped-impedance resonator is used. The work is divided into two main parts. In the first part, a deep analysis of the capacitive-loaded stepped-impedance resonator structure is done, which provides analytical closed-form design equations which eases their design in front of the several approaches available in the literature up to now. The analysis is also particularized for the case of the capacitive-loaded uniform resonator. In the second part, resonators are integrated in two dual-band tunable filters.Postprint (published version

Masculine, feminine and neutral sports: Extracurricular sport modalities in practice

The present work constitutes a novel approach to extracurricular sport modalities. The aim was to analyze the participation model and to determine the relevance of sex in this context. Data from 616 students, aged 15 to 17, were collected. The questionnaire on sport lifestyle from a gender perspective (Alvariñas-Villaverde et al., 2009) was used for assessment. The results showed that sport choice corresponds to sports traditionally associated with men or women. Nevertheless, these coexist with other neutral sports. Girls’ practice was more diverse, while boys’ profile was more resistant to changing classic patterns. Specific strategies are needed to make boys become more interested in typically female activities

The Emissivity Of Foam-Covered Water Surface At L-Band: Theoretical Modeling And Experimental Results From The FROG 2003 Field Experiment

Sea surface salinity can be measured by microwave radiometry at L-band (1400-1427 MHz). This frequency is a compromise between sensitivity to the salinity, small atmospheric perturbation, and reasonable pixel resolution. The description of the ocean emission depends on two main factors: (1) the sea water permittivity, which is a function of salinity, temperature, and frequency, and (2) the sea surface state, which depends on the wind-induced wave spectrum, swell, and rain-induced roughness spectrum, and by the foam coverage and its emissivity. This study presents a simplified two-layer emission model for foam-covered water and the results of a controlled experiment to measure the foam emissivity as a function of salinity, foam thickness, incidence angle, and polarization. Experimental results are presented, and then compared to the two-layer foam emission model with the measured foam parameters used as input model parameters. At 37 psu salt water the foam-induced emissivity increase is /spl sim/0.007 per millimeter of foam thickness (extrapolated to nadir), increasing with increasing incidence angles at vertical polarization, and decreasing with increasing incidence angles at horizontal polarization.Peer Reviewe

The emissivity of foam-covered water surface at L-band: theoretical modeling and experimental results from the FROG 2003 field experiment

Sea surface salinity can be measured by microwave radiometry at L-band (1400–1427 MHz). This frequency is a compromise between sensitivity to the salinity, small atmospheric perturbation, and reasonable pixel resolution. The description of the ocean emission depends on two main factors: 1) the sea water permittivity, which is a function of salinity, temperature, and frequency, and 2) the sea surface state, which depends on the wind-induced wave spectrum, swell, and rain-induced roughness spectrum, and by the foam coverage and its emissivity. This study presents a simplified two-layer emission model for foam-covered water and the results of a controlled experiment to measure the foam emissivity as a function of salinity, foam thickness, incidence angle, and polarization. Experimental results are presented, and then compared to the two-layer foam emission model with the measured foam parameters used as input model parameters. At 37 psu salt water the foam-induced emissivity increase is 0.007 per millimeter of foam thickness (extrapolated to nadir), increasing with increasing incidence angles at vertical polarization, and decreasing withPostprint (published version

Sea surface emissivity observations at L-band: first results of the Wind and Salinity Experiment WISE 2000

Sea surface salinity can be measured by passive microwave remote sensing at L-band. In May 1999, the European Space Agency (ESA) selected the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission to provide global coverage of soil moisture and ocean salinity. To determine the effect of wind on the sea surface emissivity, ESA sponsored the Wind and Salinity Experiment (WISE 2000). This paper describes the field campaign, the measurements acquired with emphasis in the radiometric measurements at L-band, their comparison with numerical models, and the implications for the remote sensing of sea salinity.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Professional rural women: their evaluation of rural areas in Catalonia and Galicia

Dentro del contexto de las nuevas ruralidades algunas mujeres profesionales han decidido quedarse en el mundo rural para desarrollar su propio proyecto profesional y vital. Es un fenómeno nuevo dado el proceso constante de emigración rural hacia las ciudades que España ha sufrido en el pasado. La investigación la hemos llevado a cabo en zonas rurales de Cataluña y Galicia a través de entrevistas en profundidad. Nuestro objetivo es captar cómo estas mujeres profesionales perciben no solo el mundo rural sino también a las mujeres rurales actuales. Su percepción, fruto de un proceso de formación y experiencia de vida en otros lugares, urbanos, se puede convertir en un espejo para las generaciones más jóvenes de mujeresWithin the context of the new ruralities reshaped by globalization processes some educated women decide to stay at the countryside where they develop their own life project. It is a relatively new phenomenon taking into account the steady process of female migration from rural areas that has taken place in Spain for decades. Through in-depth interviews we attempt to set out how rural women perceive themselves and assess rurality nowadays in rural areas of two Spanish regions, Catalonia and Galicia. Women’s critical perceptions of the new ruralities, created by a process of education and urban life experiences, may become a mirror for younger (female) generationsEsta investigación forma parte de un proyecto más amplio sobre Mujeres, trabajo y ruralidad: estrategias innovadoras para el desarrollo de un proyecto profesional y personal (Ref. 2011 a 0004-INV-00024), financiado por el Instituto de la Mujer, Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad del Gobierno de EspañaS

Formación de las mujeres, empoderamiento e innovación rural

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Women´s education, empowerment and rural innovation

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Genre et innovation dans les nouveaux processus de re-ruralisation en Espagne

En la última década se ha observado en algunas zonas con buenas infraestructuras de comunicación y próximas a núcleos urbanos de España, un retorno de mujeres y hombres adultos jóvenes que se instalan en este medio para desarrollar proyectos profesionales propios. Este proceso de cambio en las comunidades rurales no es exclusivo de España sino que también se observa en Europa. Este artículo examina quién hay detrás de los nuevos procesos de re-ruralización en España a partir del análisis de proyectos profesionales llevados a cabo por hombres y mujeres adultos jóvenes, formados y con experiencia urbana. Estos agentes no son neutros en cuanto al género, con lo cual se toma esta categoría analítica para examinar las relaciones de poder que subyacen en estos procesos atendiendo a los objetivos, oportunidades y dificultades que tienen unos y otras en el origen de sus proyectos. La investigación se ha realizado a través de entrevistas en profundidad para poder conocer cómo las personas dan sentido a sus propias experiencias. Los resultados confirman la existencia de procesos de re-ruralización marcados por iniciativas innovadoras y muy profesionalizadas desarrolladas por mujeres y hombres cuyos discursos revelan nuevas formas de desigualdad y distintos mecanismos de poder.Na última década tem-se observado em algumas áreas rurais com boas infraestruturas de comunicação e próximas dos núcleos urbanos de Espanha, um retorno de mulheres e homens adultos jovens e que se estabelecem neste espaço para desenvolver projetos profissionais próprios. Este processo de mudança nas comunidades rurais não é exclusivo de Espanha, mas também é observado em outras partes da Europa. Este artigo analisa quem está por trás dos novos processos de re-ruralização em Espanha a partir da análise de projetos profissionais realizados por homens e mulheres adultos/as jovens. Estes agentes não são neutros em termos de g énero, pelo que esta categoria analítica é usada para examinar as relações de poder subjacentes a estes processos atendendo às metas, oportunidades e dificuldades encontradas por uns e outras, e a origem dos seus projetos. A pesquisa foi realizada através de entrevistas realizadas em profundidade para conhecer como as pessoas dão sentido às suas próprias experiências. Os resultados confirmam a existência de processos de re-ruralização marcadas por iniciativas inovadoras e altamente profissionalizadas desenvolvidas por mulheres e homens cujos discursos revelam novas formas de desigualdade e mecanismos de poder distintos.In the last decade it has been observed in some areas with good communication infrastructures and close to urban centers in Spain, a return of young adult men and women who settle in to develop their own professional projects. This process of change in rural communities is not exclusive to Spain but is also observed in other rural areas of Europe. This article examines who is behind the new processes of re-ruralization in Spain from the analysis of professional projects carried out by young adult educated men and women, with urban experience. These agents are not gender neutral, so this analytical category is taken to examine the power relations that underlie these processes, taking into account the objectives, opportunities and difficulties that each one has at the origin of their projects. The research has been conducted through in-depth interviews, in order to ascertain how people give expression to their own experiences. The results confirm the existence of re-ruralization processes distinguished by innovative and highly professionalized initiatives developed by women and men whose discourse reveals new forms of inequality and different power mechanisms.Au cours de la dernière décennie, on a observé, dans certaines zones dotées de bonnes infrastructures de communication et à proximité des centres urbains d'Espagne des jeunes hommes et femmes adultes sont de retour et s’installent dans ce milieu pour développer leurs propres projets professionnels. Ce processus de changement dans les communautés rurales n'est pas exclusif de l'Espagne, étant également observé en Europe. Cet article examine ce qui est à l’origine des nouveaux processus de re-ruralisation en Espagne à partir de l’analyse des projets professionnels menés par de jeunes adultes, hommes et femmes, formés et ayant une expé rience de vie urbaine. On utilise la catégorie analytique du genre pour examiner les relations du pouvoir qui soutiennent les processus de re-ruralisation a partir des objectifs, les opportunités et les difficultés que chacun ait à l ’origine de leurs projects. La recherche a été menée à travers des entretiens approfondis pour apprendre comment les gens donnent un sens à leurs propres expériences. Les résultats confirment l’ existence de processus de re-ruralisation marqués par des initiatives novatrices et hautement professionnalisées développées par des femmes et des hommes dont les discours révèlent de nouvelles formes d’iné galité et des mécanismes de pouvoir différents.Esta investigación forma parte de un proyecto más amplio de las investigadoras sobre Geografías del género, trabajo y ruralidad: Nuevas feminidades y masculinidades para un desarrollo rural sostenible (CSO2015-63913-R), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de EspañaS

De campañas de medidas a productos de salinidad: un tributo a las contribuciones de Jordi Font a la mision SMOS

This article summarizes some of the activities in which Jordi Font, research professor and head of the Department of Physical and Technological Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC, Spanish National Research Council) in Barcelona, has been involved as co-Principal Investigator for Ocean Salinity of the European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Earth Explorer Mission from the perspective of the Remote Sensing Lab at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. We have probably left out some of his many contributions to salinity remote sensing, but we hope that this review will give an idea of the importance of his work. We focus on the following issues: 1) the new accurate measurements of the sea water dielectric constant, 2) the WISE and EuroSTARRS field experiments that helped to define the geophysical model function relating brightness temperature to sea state, 3) the FROG 2003 field experiment that helped to understand the emission of sea foam, 4) GNSS-R techniques for improving sea surface salinity retrieval, 5) instrument characterization campaigns, and 6) the operational implementation of the Processing Centre of Levels 3 and 4 at the SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre.Este artículo resume algunas de las actividades en las que Jordi Font, profesor de investigación y jefe del Departamento de Física y Tecnología Oceanográfica, del Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC) en Barcelona, ha estado desarrollando como co-Investigador Principal de la parte de la misión SMOS de la ESA, una misión Earth Explorer, desde la perspectiva del Remote Sensing Lab, de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Seguramente, estamos olvidando algunas de sus muchas contribuciones a la teledetección de la salinidad, pero esperamos que esta revisión dé una idea de la importancia de su trabajo. Este artículo se focaliza en los siguientes puntos: 1) las medidas de alta calidad de la constante dieléctrica del agua marina, 2) las campañas de medidas WISE y EuroSTARRS que ayudaron a la definición del modelo geofísico relacionando la temperatura de brillo con el estado del mar, 3) la campaña de medidas FROG 2003 que ayudó a entender la emisión de la espuma marina 4) presentación de las técnicas de GNSS-R para la mejora de la recuperación de la salinidad superficial 5) campañas para la caracterización del instrumento y 6) la implantación del centro de procesado operacional de niveles 3 y 4 en el SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre